By Gordon Rugg
The short answer is: “Not really”.
The reasons for this answer take us through the literature on expertise, and through some little-known byways of history, including Caesar shouting “Squirrel!” and the strange case of the mesmerised trees.
Those byways should be a lot better known, because they have deep implications for education policy in theory and practice. This article unpacks the issues involved, and some of the implications.
Caesar, a squirrel, a tree, and MesmerImages from Wikipedia and Wikimedia – details at the end of this article